CHAPTER++24,+SECTION+4

=CHAPTER:24, SECTION:4= =[A World in Transition]=

The End of the Cold War?
-1947, George Kennan warned President Truman, that the U.S. must act firmly to contain Soviet aggression. -1989;40 yrs later, George Kennan told Congress "The time for that sort of thing: a policy of containment, has clearly passed -crisis erupted in the Middle East 1990, U.S. and S.U. found themselves on the same side, rare event following World War 2 -1956, the people who attempted a revolt "freedom fighters" of Hungary were harshly put down -1989 && 1990, Eastern bloc changed radically -1981, Polish government had outlawed Solidarity, and independent labor union -1989, finally communist government allowed Solidarity candidates to run for Polish parliament -Solidarity leader replaced communist as head of government -1990, start of flood changes in Eastern Europe capped by the election of Walesa as the President of Poland

A wall comes down
-1961, Communist East Germany built the wall to prevent its citizens from fleeing to the West -November 1989, months after protests by East Germans, the east German government stunned the world, announcing it was opening the wall -November 9, 1989, 100s of East Berliners streamed through the gates to visit the West -Summer 1990, East & West Germany had charted a course toward reunion NATO & Soviet Union agreed on a timetable -October 4, 1990 Germany divided 45 yrs by the cold war, became 1 nation again

Moving toward democracy
-Demonstrations against communism spread across Eastern Europe -1989, communist government was forced to resign -December 1989, Nicolae and his wife were captured, tried, and executed -1990, Soviet Union threatened his own power, serious unrest within it -1990, Soviet government announced it would let private ownership of land and businesses

The American Respons e
-Lech Walesa visted the United States in 1989, and Vaclav Havel in 1990, they both received a hero's welcome -With Cold War coming to an end possibly, members of Congress talked about a "peace dividend" -Bush discourage too much optimism, continued to believe that it was necessary to maintain a stong national defense -1990 budget called for a small reduction in defense spending

New Directions in Latin America n
 -George Bush took a less militant approach about the affairs in Nicaragua than what Ronald Reagan took -Bush did not continue to press for military did to the contras -Bush administration worked out a bipartisan agreement with congress -the U.S. would provide food, clothing, and medical supplies to the contras -February 1990, Nicaragua held elections

Invasion of Panam a
**-** Manuel Noriega, Panamanian dictator been consider a friend to the U.S. -Manuel helped with American support to the contras in Nicaragua -At the same time Manuel also became involved in drug smuggling -Panama was a banking center, and also a shipping point for major drug dealers -December 20,1989, Bush sent American military forces into Panama -United States installed a new government in Panama -The U.S. pffered to help rebuild the nation's shattered economy

==Unrest in Chin a  ==

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia, serif;">- Spring 1989, dissident Chinese students began a campaign for democratic reforms -100s/1000s gathered at Tiananmen Square, capital city of Beijing -Americans watched demonstrations, hoping one of the worlds most rigid communist regimes would began its own reforms -June, regime struck back -Army tanks tundered into Tiananmen Square, with the killing or arrest of 1000s of protesters -Bush disapproved the return to repression, refused to take strong action against Chinese government -Bush argued that the U.S. could influence the Chinese behavior better by keeping the diplomatic channels open

<span style="color: #ce0d37; font-family: Georgia, serif;">A Policy Toward
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia, serif;">- Early 1980s, South African government had continued to pursue the policy of //aparteid//: separation of the races -President Reagan opposed apartheid, but he argued that economic actions taken against South Africa would hurt the black majority by destroying jobs -Reagan administration adopted a policy known as "constructive engagement" -members of Congress rejected the cautious approach //economic sanctions//: limits on trade and investment, to pressure the South African government to end apartheid. -October 1986, Congress passed a sanctions bill over President reagan's veto -many Americans universities & some state governments sold their stock in companies that operated in South Africa, policy became known as //divestiture// //-//September 1989, South Africa elected a new president F.W. de Klerk -he announced a series of reforms to ease racial tensions in his country -Klerks most dramatic act was to free a black opponent of apartheid who had been in prison for 27 yrs. named Nelson Mandela -When Mandela and Klerk talked, alot of people hoped that apartheid was also coming to an end -1990, Klerk and Mandela both visted the U.S., they met with President Bush

<span style="color: #ce0d37; font-family: Georgia, serif;">War Clouds in the Middle <span style="color: #ce0d37; font-family: Georgia, serif;">East
-1988, after Iran-Iraq war ended, Iraq dictator Saddam Hussein rebuilt his military -August 2,1990, his troops invaded Kuwait -Kuwait, one of the richest oil producing nations in the Middle East -the move reminded some observers of Hitler's assault on Czechoslovakia in 1939

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia, serif;">A complex <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia, serif;">threa t
<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia, serif;"> <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia, serif;">-1980s, industrail nations became more dependent on oil from the Persian Gulf -Saddam would control more than 80% of the oil in the region, because he conquered Saudi Arabia & Kuwait -if Saddam was not stopped, he might have been able to expand his military and make them stronger by attacking other Arab nations like Egypt & Syria

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Georgia, serif;">The World Responds
-Bush immediately dispatched American forces to Saudi Arabia -Bush convienced the Arab nations to join with other nations, so that they could force Saddam Hussein to leave Kuwait -United Nations including the Soviet Union approved a total trade boy-cott of Iraq -warships from other nations joined in blockading merchant vessels headed for Iraq -Saddam Hussein held many Americans hostage in Kuwait & Iraq -Saddam warned that the people would die in the attacks if they bombed Iraq U.S. or any other country

<span style="color: #ce0d37; font-family: Georgia, serif;">Fugitives in a Desert Drama
-100s of Americans faced an unpredictable & dangerous situation -Iraq tanks were going through the streets of Kuwait City -valuable goods were removed from stores, businesses, and hospitals and were sent back to Iraq -Saddam only allowed women & children to leave Kuwait who were foreigners -citizens decided to hide, rather than go into custody -a Florida worker managed to live for 23 days in tiny crawl 8ft long, 3ft wide, & 3ft high

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<span style="color: #ce0d37; font-family: Georgia, serif;">-War in the Persian Gulf
-100s of Americans waited to see if they could leave Kuwait & Iraq -November 1990, Bush convinced the United Nations Security Council to declare January 15, 1991, as a deadline for Iraq's removal from Kuwait -Bush sent an additional 200,000 troops to the Middle East -Saddam rejected a chance to negotiate, but he released most of the foreign hostages in December -Congress debated, and than came up with a resolution authorizing the President to deploy military force against Iraq as the January 15, deadline approached. -an air attack was launched on Iraq on January 16th